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Journal

[25 February 2008]

Il Giornale: Ieri abbiamo avuto una festa alla scuola di mia figlia. Hanno avuto una discoteca per i bambini, e poi sono stato una comica e ho ballato ridicolo con mia figlia e le sue amiche. Lei ‘e stat felice perch’e sua pappa ha fatto le amiche contente.

Passato Prossimo and imperfetto
We spoke about the difference in usage between the two tenses.
Passato prossimo - complete. Used for past events with a sense of conclusion, finality.
Imperfetto - incomplete. Used for past events with a sense on continuity, or lasting consequences.
The imperfect is typically more descriptive than the present perfect.

We used sapere (to know…a fact) and conoscere (to know…someone) to demonsatrate the different usages.

(Imperfect) lo sapevo / I knew it (all along)
(Imperfect) Sapevi che Rosetta fa trasloco? / Did you know Rosetta all along?
(Imperfect) Conoscevo una signora… / I’ve known…(for some time)
(Present Perfect) Ho conosciuto Lucia a scuola / I knew Lucia at school (this sounds conclusive, definitive)


[18 February 2008]

Il Giornale: La settimana scorso, ho lavorato ogni giorni. Ho finite a dieci a mezzo ieri sera e mi sono alzato al quattro e mezzo sta mattina.

Carnevale
We spoke briefly about the history of Carnevale; sounds amazing!
I need to Google search this to learn more - would like to write a more detailed blog post once I look around a little more. My wife has a couple of Venetian masks in the house which she picked up in 1995 Carnevale in Venezia - needless to say, they are exquisite.
• The period between the Epiphany and Lent
• Let the hair down before the tough deprivation of Lent
• Wear masks to hide your identity during this period of ‘playing up’.

The most important days are the last few days before the end:
Martedi grasso – the last Tuesday (before Ash Wednesday) when you can eat meat – mardi gras

Interesting characters – Harlequin and la Befana

Confetti (i coriandoli) is used only for Carnevale, not for weddings – use rice instead)

The present perfect verb tense (il passato prossimo)
More on the present perfect – (il passato prossimo dei verbi servili)

How do we construct the present perfect with modal verbs?
Construct the past participle of the modal verb and leave the infinitive unchanged.
Which verb applies as the auxiliary (avere, essere)? Choose the auxiliary that relates to the infinitive following the modal verb. Phew…confusing.

voglio entrare / sono voluto entrare
devo comprare / ho dovuto comprare
potete venire / sono potuti venire


[11 February 2008]

The present perfect verb tense (il passato prossimo)
This tense is very important for use in everyday, conversational Italian; the language is moving towards the use of this tense as the ‘base’ past tense. So I need to make a real effort to nail this one.

Formation – auxiliary verb (avere, essere) + past participle of the verb
Sono stato/a / I have been

When we use essere as the auxiliary, the following verb acts like an adjective – the past participle changes the ending to agree with the subject’s gender and quantity.
Sono stato al mare (masculine, singular)
Sono stata al mare (feminine, singular)
Siamo stati al mare (masc, plural)
Siamo state al mare (fem, plural)

Which verbs use essere as the auxiliary?
Transitive verbs, those that indicate a change in state – the ‘house’ verbs
andare / to go (andato), arrivare / to arrive (arrivato), cadere / to fall (caduto), diventare / to become (diventato), entrare / to come in (entrato), essere/stare / to be (stato), morire / to die (morto), nascere / to be born (nato), partire / to leave (partito), rimanere / to remain (rimasto), salire / to go up (salito), scendere / to go down (sceso), tornare (tornato), uscire / to go out (uscito), venire (venuto)

Sono salito sul treno alla stazione
Sono sceso dal treno a Roma

Past participle – regular verbs
parlare – parlato (spoken)
vendere – venduto (sold)
dormire – dormito (slept)

Auxiliary verbs
(essere) sono, sei, ‘e, siamo, siete, sono
(avere) ho, hai, ha, abbiamo, avete, hanno
When using avere as the auxiliary, the verb past participle agrees with the object pronouns – lo, la, li, le, ne
Hai mangiato le pesche? / Did you eat the peaches?
Si, le ho mangiate / Yes, I ate them
Ne ho mangiate tre / I ate three (of them)

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